PRESS ACTS OF INDIA | HISTORY OF MEDIA | NEP

 

1. The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867

• Objective: Ensure proper registration and regulation of books and newspapers.
• Key Provisions:
• All books and newspapers must be registered with the government.
• Publishers must submit copies of every publication to designated authorities.
• Helps maintain an archive of printed materials in India.
• Facilitates accountability and transparency in publishing.

2. The Indian Press Act, 1910

• Objective: Suppress nationalist sentiments and control the press during British rule.
• Key Provisions:
• Allowed the government to demand security deposits from publishers.
• Provided for the confiscation of printing presses and equipment used for producing "seditious" material.
• Aimed at curbing anti-colonial sentiment and maintaining control over information dissemination.
• Had a significant impact on the freedom of the press during the colonial period.

3. The Press (Objectionable Matters) Act, 1951

• Objective: Control and prevent the spread of objectionable content in publications.
• Key Provisions:
• Empowered the government to issue orders against publications containing objectionable content.
• Defined "objectionable matters" as those inciting violence, hatred, or communal disharmony.
• Allowed for the seizure of publications deemed to contain objectionable content.
• Aimed at maintaining public order and national security.

4. The Press Council Act, 1978

• Objective: Establish the Press Council of India to regulate and improve press standards.
• Key Provisions:
• Set up the Press Council of India, an autonomous, quasi-judicial body.
• Ensures the freedom of the press while maintaining high standards of journalism.
• Addresses complaints against the press from the public and other entities.
• Can issue guidelines and standards for the press and take action against violations.

5. The Information Technology Act, 2000

• Objective: Govern digital communications and address issues related to cybercrime and electronic commerce.
• Key Provisions:
• Includes sections that impact online media and digital news platforms.
• Provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures.
• Addresses issues such as hacking, identity theft, and cyber terrorism.
• Empowers the government to block access to online content that threatens national security or public order.

These Acts collectively contribute to the regulation, accountability, and freedom of the press in India.

 

HISTORY OF MEDIA | NEP SYLLABUS | FYBAMMC

Module 1: EVOLUTION OF PRESS IN INDIA

a. Newspaper – the rise of the voice of India during British rule

b. India’s Freedom Struggle and Role of Media

c. Independence and rise of Newspapers, Newspapers – a social aspect for freedom struggle, PRESS ACTS of India

d. Press during the Emergency Period

e. Rise of Hindi Language newspapers

f. Regional Press and its popularity of Indian regional languages in various regions

Module 2: MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND ADVERTISING

a. Introduction to marketing communication in India

b. Social norms, values, and traditions influencing advertising and branding

c. Advertising in pre-independence era

d. Emergence of advertising agencies

e. Impact of Liberalization and Globalization

f. Emergence of Indian brands

Module 3: HISTORY OF DOCUMENTARIES AND FILMS

a. Genesis of documentaries and short films, (screening of few documentaries is essential- like Hindustan Hamara, Zalzala, The Vanishing Tribe) Role of Documentarians - P V Pathy, D G Tendulkar ,H S Hirlekar, Paul Zils and FaliBillimoria Anandpatwardhan,

b. Evolution of film making in India -brief history, Photography to moving films

c. Origin of Hindi cinema

d. Origin of Short films to what it is today, role of you tube and WhatsApp

e. Great masters of world cinema

Module 4: HISTORY OF RADIO AND TELEVISION IN INDIA

a. Radio & Television as Mass Media

b. Radio and Television Broadcasting

c. The beginning of Radio and Television Shows ● A New Era in Broadcasting in India ● Satellite Television & Privatization in Broadcasting ● Advertising in India

d. Internet Protocol Television

INTERVIEWS: TYPES, PREPARATION & PROTOCOL

Types of Interviews

1. In-Depth Interviews: Detailed, open-ended interviews that explore a person's thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
2. Structured Interviews: Standardized interviews with pre-determined questions and a set format.
3. Semi-Structured Interviews: Flexible interviews that combine open-ended and structured questions.
4. Group Interviews: Interviews with multiple participants, often used for focus groups or panel discussions.
5. Telephone or Video Interviews: Remote interviews conducted via phone or video conferencing.

Preparing for Interviews

1. Research the Subject: Gather background information on the interviewee and their work.
2. Define the Objective: Clearly determine the purpose and scope of the interview.
3. Prepare a Questionnaire: Develop a list of open-ended and structured questions.
4. Schedule and Confirm: Arrange a convenient time and date for the interview and confirm the details.
5. Equipment and Materials: Ensure necessary equipment, such as recorders or notebooks, are available.

Preparing a Questionnaire

1. Open-Ended Questions: Encourage in-depth responses with open-ended questions.
2. Structured Questions: Use specific, factual questions to gather information.
3. Avoid Leading Questions: Phrase questions to avoid influencing the response.
4. Prioritize Questions: Organize questions in a logical order, with most important questions first.
5. Pilot Test: Test the questionnaire with a small group to refine and improve it.

Protocol and Ethical Issues

1. Informed Consent: Obtain explicit consent from the interviewee before conducting the interview.
2. Confidentiality: Ensure the interviewee's privacy and confidentiality are respected.
3. Avoid Bias: Remain impartial and avoid leading questions or biased language.
 
4. Respect Boundaries: Be mindful of the interviewee's time, comfort, and emotional well-being.
5. Transparency: Clearly explain the purpose, scope, and potential outcomes of the interview.

Writing the Interview Copy

1. Transcribe the Interview: Accurately transcribe the interview, using a recording or notes.
2. Edit and Clarify: Edit the transcript for clarity, grammar, and punctuation.
3. Use Quotations: Incorporate direct quotations from the interviewee to add depth and authenticity.
4. Provide Context: Add contextual information to help readers understand the interviewee's perspective.
5. Fact-Check: Verify facts and information mentioned during the interview to ensure accuracy.

Additional Tips

1. Be Prepared to Adapt: Be flexible and adjust the interview approach as needed.
2. Use Active Listening: Engage with the interviewee and use active listening skills to encourage open and honest responses.
3. Take Notes: Take detailed notes during the interview to supplement the recording or transcript.
4. Send a Thank-You Note: Express gratitude to the interviewee for their time and participation.

OBITUARIES

Obituaries are written notices that announce the death of an individual, providing information about their life, achievements, and survivors.

Need for Factual Verification

1. Accuracy: Verify all facts, including names, dates, and accomplishments, to ensure accuracy and avoid errors.
2. Sources: Use reliable sources, such as official documents, family members, and colleagues, to gather information.
3. Confirmation: Confirm the information with multiple sources to ensure accuracy

Tone of Obituaries

1. Respectful: Obituaries should be written in a respectful and dignified tone, avoiding sensationalism and negativity.
2. Neutral: Maintain a neutral tone, avoiding emotional language and personal opinions.
3. Compassionate: Show compassion and empathy towards the deceased and their loved ones.

Can Obituaries be Critical?

1. Generally, no: Obituaries are not the place for criticism or negative commentary, as they are intended to honor and respect the deceased.
2. Exceptions: In rare cases, an obituary may acknowledge a person's flaws or controversies, but this should be done in a respectful and nuanced manner.
3. Focus on achievements: Emphasize the person's achievements, contributions, and positive impact on others.

Key Elements of an Obituary

1. Name and age: Include the person's full name, age, and residence.
2. Survivors: List the deceased's immediate family members, including spouse, children, parents, and siblings.
3. Life summary: Provide a brief summary of the person's life, including their education, career, and notable achievements.
4. Death details: Include the date, place, and cause of death (if desired by the family).
5. Funeral or memorial information: Provide details about the funeral, memorial service, or other celebrations of life.

Tips for Writing Obituaries

1. Gather information carefully: Verify facts and gather information from reliable sources.
2. Use a respectful tone: Maintain a respectful and dignified tone throughout the obituary.
3. Focus on the person's achievements: Emphasize the person's positive contributions and achievements.
4. Be concise: Keep the obituary concise and to the point, avoiding unnecessary details.
5. Proofread carefully: Carefully proofread the obituary to ensure accuracy and avoid errors.

EDITORIALS: IMPORTANCE, VOICE OF THE PUBLICATION, FORMAT

 Importance of Editorials

1. Shape Public Opinion: Editorials play a crucial role in shaping public opinion on important issues, influencing readers' perspectives and attitudes.
2. Provide Context and Analysis: Editorials offer in-depth analysis and context on complex issues, helping readers understand the implications and significance of events.
3. Represent the Publication's Voice: Editorials serve as a platform for the publication to express its views, values, and stance on various issues.
4. Encourage Critical Thinking: Editorials stimulate critical thinking and debate, encouraging readers to engage with the topic and form their own opinions.
5. Hold Those in Power Accountable: Editorials can hold those in power accountable for their actions, promoting transparency and accountability.

Voice of the Publication

1. Reflects the Publication's Values: The editorial voice reflects the publication's values, mission, and perspective on the world.
2. Consistent Tone and Style: The editorial voice is consistent in tone and style, creating a recognizable and trusted brand.
3. Authoritative and Informed: The editorial voice is authoritative and informed, demonstrating expertise and knowledge on the topic.
4. Engaging and Accessible: The editorial voice is engaging and accessible, making complex issues understandable and relatable to readers.

Format of Editorials

1. Opinion Piece: Editorials are typically opinion pieces, expressing the publication's viewpoint on a particular issue.
2. Structured Argument: Editorials present a structured argument, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
3. Evidence-Based: Editorials often incorporate evidence, statistics, and expert opinions to support the argument.
4. Concise and Focused: Editorials are typically concise and focused, addressing a single issue or topic.
5. Tone and Language: Editorials use a formal tone and language, avoiding sensationalism and emotional appeals.

Types of Editorials

1. Leading Article: A leading article is a prominent editorial that sets the tone for the publication's stance on a particular issue.
2. Op-Ed Piece: An op-ed piece is a guest editorial written by an expert or opinion leader, offering a unique perspective on a topic.
3. Editorial Cartoon: An editorial cartoon is a visual representation of the publication's viewpoint, using satire and humor to make a point.

Best Practices for Writing Editorials

1. Know Your Audience: Understand your readers' interests, values, and concerns to craft an effective editorial.
2. Research and Evidence: Support your argument with credible research, statistics, and expert opinions.
3. Clear and Concise Writing: Use clear, concise language to convey your message, avoiding jargon and technical terms.
4. Respectful Tone: Maintain a respectful tone, avoiding personal attacks and inflammatory language.
5. Edit and Revise: Carefully edit and revise your editorial to ensure accuracy, clarity, and effectiveness.