Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) refer to the traditional knowledge that has developed in India over thousands of years. It covers many fields like philosophy, mathematics, medicine, art, and governance. IKS blends practical knowledge with deep thinking about life, nature, and the universe. Its wisdom has shaped not only Indian society but also influenced the world.
The scope of IKS is broad, ranging from small, local
knowledge (micro) to universal ideas (macro). From ancient times to the 18th
century, IKS has evolved, contributing to many aspects of human life.
Universality of IKS: From Micro to Macro
Micro Level (Local Knowledge and Practices) At the micro
level, IKS consists of region-specific knowledge that helped communities solve
everyday problems:
§ Agriculture:
Traditional farming methods like crop rotation and organic fertilizers were
used to suit local conditions, emphasizing balance with nature.
§ Medicine:
Systems like Ayurveda and Siddha used natural herbs and treatments for healing,
based on local resources and individual health needs.
Macro Level (Universal Ideas and Theories) On the macro
level, IKS contributed to global knowledge in fields such as:
§ Mathematics
and Astronomy: Indian scholars like Aryabhata introduced the concept of zero,
advanced algebra, and calculated planetary movements, influencing both Indian
and global scientific thought.
§ Philosophy
and Ethics: Indian schools of thought like Vedanta, Buddhism, and Jainism
explored deep questions about reality, ethics, and the nature of life, offering
ideas that have shaped global philosophy.
Development of IKS from Earliest Times to the 18th Century
Early Vedic Period (c.
1500 BCE – 500 BCE) The Vedic texts, like the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda, contain
knowledge about the universe, rituals, medicine, and philosophy. These texts
laid the foundation for many Indian traditions, including medicine (Ayurveda)
and governance.
Classical Period (c.
500 BCE – 500 CE) Important works emerged during this period:
§ Panini’s
grammar book is one of the oldest systems of language study.
§ Kautilya’s
Arthashastra detailed principles of governance, economics, and diplomacy.
§ Indian
mathematics advanced with concepts like zero and binary numbers, which
influenced later developments in global mathematics.
§ Buddhism
and Jainism promoted ethical living and non-violence (Ahimsa), ideas that still
resonate today.
Medieval Period (c. 500
CE – 1500 CE) During this era, Indian knowledge in fields like astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine continued to grow:
§ Bhaskaracharya
and Aryabhata contributed to the study of time, planetary movement, and
algebra.
§ Medical
texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita remained influential in
traditional medicine.
§ Practices
like Yoga and Tantra became more popular and are now globally recognized for
their benefits to body and mind.
Early Modern Period (c.
1500 CE – 18th Century CE) The arrival of foreign influences, such as Islamic
and European ideas, shaped Indian knowledge during this period:
§ Mughal
rulers combined Indian and Persian knowledge, especially in art, architecture,
and administration.
§ Indian
philosophical texts were translated into Persian and Arabic, influencing
thinkers in other parts of the world.
§ By the
18th century, Indian advancements in science and mathematics were shared with
European scholars, shaping the development of modern science.
Conclusion
Indian Knowledge Systems have a wide scope, ranging from
local practices (micro) to universal ideas (macro).
From ancient times to the 18th century, IKS made
significant contributions to many fields, including science, medicine, and
philosophy. Its focus on sustainability, ethics, health, and wisdom remains
relevant today.
Understanding its development shows how IKS has influenced
both Indian society and global thought.
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