HISTORY OF MEDIA - HSNCU - CLASS NOTES

Module 1: History of Press

Pre-Independence Press- Newspaper – the rise of the voice of India during British rule, India’s Freedom Struggle and Role of Media,

 Rise of vernacular press with special reference to Marathi press

Post-Independent Press- Independence and rise of Newspapers; 

Press During Emergency; 

Post LPG evolution of Indian Press, 

Effect of Covid

Press Regulations - Pre-independence and post-independence

Iconic personalities- Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Raja Rammohan Roy, M. K. Gandhi, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, etc. 

Module 2: History of Broadcasting- Radio and TV

Radio & Television as Mass Media

Radio and Television Broadcasting- The beginning of Radio and Television Shows

Radio: History of AIR, Evolution of Programming, Privatization of Radio Broadcasting, FM Radio, Community Radio

Prasar Bharati and its role: SITE, Privatization of TV, Regulatory Mechanism

Satellite Television & Privatisation in Broadcasting: A New Era in Broadcasting in India

Internet Protocol Television 

Module 3: Evolution and Growth of Advertising and Public Relations

History and Growth of PR: Evolution of PR in Indian and Global Context, Edward Bernays, Ivy Lee’s role in Establishing PR, evolution of public relation in public and private sector

History of print advertising, evolution of advertising agencies, emergence of broadcast advertising, advent of OOH advertising and emerging trends, advertising regulations, iconic ad campaigns, important advertising personalities

Module 4: Evolution of New Media and Way Ahead

Advent of Internet, emergence of web 2.0 and beyond, social networking sites, impact of social media on communication, impact of digital and new media on legacy media

IMPORTANT ADVERTISINGN PERSONALITIES

Several individuals have played an important role in developing modern advertising.

1. David Ogilvy: David Ogilvy is one of the most influential figures in modern advertising. He emphasised:

• Research
• Strong headlines
• Clear communication
• Understanding consumers
• Building brands

He is associated with Ogilvy, one of the world's major advertising agencies.

2. Claude C. Hopkins: Claude Hopkins was an important early advertising professional. He emphasised scientific advertising, testing and measuring advertising effectiveness.

3. Leo Burnett: Leo Burnett was famous for creating memorable advertising characters and developing strong brand personalities. His agency created famous characters such as: Tony the Tiger, Marlboro Man. His approach focused on creating advertising that was simple, memorable and human.

4. Mary Wells Lawrence: Mary Wells Lawrence was an influential American advertising executive and one of the prominent women in the advertising industry. She was known for her creative and innovative advertising campaigns.

Important Indian Advertising Personalities

1. Sylvester daCunha: Sylvester daCunha was an important Indian advertising professional. He is particularly famous for his contribution to the Amul advertising campaign and the development of the iconic Amul Girl.

Iconic Ads of Sylvester daCunha: https://youtu.be/7rdMQ42Ovdw

2. Alyque Padamsee: Alyque Padamsee was one of India's best-known advertising personalities. He contributed significantly to Indian advertising and theatre. He was associated with memorable campaigns and helped establish the importance of creative storytelling and brand personalities in Indian advertising.

Alyque Padamsee ad collection: https://youtu.be/OrJmYs15mUM

3. Piyush Pandey: Piyush Pandey was one of India's most influential advertising creatives. He was associated with several memorable Indian campaigns and was known for using Indian culture, humour, emotions and everyday life in advertising. His work helped make Indian advertising more distinctive and relatable.

 Piyush Pandey ad collection: https://youtu.be/vm7JF4M9E3E 

The history of advertising shows a continuous movement from simple printed notices to sophisticated digital and integrated campaigns. Advertising agencies have also changed from media-space sellers to strategic communication partners. At the same time, advertising regulations have become important to ensure that advertisements are truthful, responsible and fair.

Iconic campaigns and advertising personalities have demonstrated the power of creativity, storytelling, humour and emotional connection in building successful brands.

Iconic ads from the 90s: https://youtu.be/AwGob_s-HIs

ICONIC AD CAMPAIGNS

An iconic advertising campaign is a campaign that becomes highly memorable and remains strongly associated with a brand.

Such campaigns are remembered because of their:

• Creative ideas
• Slogans
• Characters
• Music
• Storytelling
• Emotional appeal

Important Examples

1. Amul – "Utterly Butterly Delicious": The Amul girl became one of the most recognisable advertising characters in India. The campaign is famous for using humour and topical issues.

2. Asian Paints – "Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai": The campaign connected the brand with homes, emotions and memories.

3. Fevicol – "Dum Laga Ke Haisha": Fevicol became famous for humorous advertisements showing the strength of its adhesive.

4. Vodafone – ZooZoos: Vodafone's ZooZoos became highly popular for their simple visual storytelling and distinctive characters.

5. Surf Excel – "Daag Achhe Hain": The campaign gave a positive meaning to children's messy activities and connected them with learning and relationships.

Importance: Iconic campaigns help brands achieve:

• Brand recognition
• Brand recall
• Emotional connection
• Consumer loyalty
• Long-term identity

Successful campaigns show that advertising is not simply about selling a product. Creativity, emotion, humour and storytelling can create a strong connection between a brand and its audience.

ADVERTISING REGULATIONS

Advertising has a strong influence on consumers. Therefore, advertisements need to follow certain laws, ethical standards and industry guidelines.

Advertising regulations aim to prevent:

• False claims
• Misleading advertisements
• Offensive content
• Unfair practices
• Harmful advertising

Advertising Standards Council of India

The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) is an important self-regulatory body for advertising in India.

It promotes responsible advertising and deals with complaints about advertisements.

The basic expectation is that advertisements should be:

• Honest
• Truthful
• Fair
• Responsible
• Non-misleading

Major Areas of Regulation

1. False Claims: Advertisers should not make false claims about their products.

2. Misleading Advertisements: An advertisement should not create a false impression about a product or service.

3. Children: Advertising directed at children needs special care because children may be more easily influenced.

4. Health Claims: Advertisements for health-related products should not make unsupported claims.

5. Tobacco and Alcohol: These products are subject to strict legal restrictions on advertising and promotion.

6. Surrogate Advertising: Advertisers cannot simply use another product or brand extension to indirectly promote restricted products where such promotion is prohibited.

Advertising regulation protects consumers and society and encourages advertisers to communicate honestly and responsibly.

ADVENT OF OOH ADVERTISING & EMERGING TRENDS

Meaning of OOH Advertising: OOH means Out-of-Home advertising. It refers to advertisements that people see when they are outside their homes.

Examples include:

• Billboards
• Hoardings
• Bus shelters
• Railway stations
• Airport advertisements
• Posters
• Transit advertising
• Digital screens

Development of OOH Advertising

Earlier, outdoor advertising mainly consisted of painted signs, posters and large hoardings.

With the development of cities, roads and public transport, outdoor advertising became more organised.

Businesses used large hoardings to create brand visibility.

Modern OOH Advertising: Technology has transformed OOH advertising.

1. Digital Billboards: Large LED screens can display changing advertisements.

2. Transit Advertising: Advertisements are placed on:

• Buses
• Trains
• Metro trains
• Taxis
• Auto-rickshaws

3. Airport Advertising: Airports provide opportunities to reach business travellers and tourists.

4. Interactive OOH: Some advertisements allow people to interact using:

• QR codes
• Smartphones
• Touchscreens

5. DOOH: Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) uses digital screens and technology for outdoor advertising.

Emerging Trends

• Digital billboards
• LED screens
• QR-code campaigns
• Interactive displays
• Location-based advertising
• Mobile integration
• Augmented Reality (AR)
• Data-driven advertising

OOH advertising has changed from simple posters and hoardings to technology-driven digital and interactive experiences.

EMERGENCE OF BROADCAST ADVERTISING

Broadcast advertising refers to advertisements delivered through radio and television. It brought sound, music, voice, movement and visuals into advertising.

A. Radio Advertising: Radio became an important advertising medium because it could reach people in their homes, workplaces and vehicles.

Radio advertisements use:

• Voice
• Music
• Sound effects
• Jingles
• Dialogue

Radio advertising became particularly important with the growth of All India Radio (AIR). Later, the growth of FM radio created new opportunities for advertisers.

Example A food brand may use a catchy jingle on FM radio to make the brand memorable.

B. Television Advertising: Television brought a major change because advertisements could combine: Sound + Image + Movement + Story

Television advertising expanded rapidly in India after the growth of television and especially after the introduction of private satellite television channels in the 1990s.

Advertisers could now demonstrate products visually. For example, a detergent advertisement could show the product removing a stain.

Advantages of Broadcast Advertising

• Large audience
• Strong visual impact
• Emotional appeal
• Music and storytelling
• High brand recall

Limitations

• Expensive
• Short duration
• High production costs
• Audience may skip advertisements

Broadcast advertising transformed advertising from static print messages into audio-visual experiences. Radio created the power of sound, while television added images and movement.

EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING AGENCIES

An advertising agency is an organisation that helps clients plan, create and distribute advertisements.

Advertising agencies developed because businesses needed professionals who could help them communicate effectively with customers.

Early Stage: Initially, advertising agencies mainly worked as space brokers. They helped advertisers purchase space in newspapers and other publications. Their main job was: Advertiser → Agency → Newspaper

Development of Creative Services: Gradually, agencies began offering more services such as:

• Copywriting
• Designing
• Campaign planning
• Market research
• Media planning

The agency was no longer just selling advertising space.

Full-Service Agencies: Modern advertising agencies provide many services under one roof. These may include:

• Research
• Strategy
• Creative development
• Copywriting
• Graphic design
• Media planning
• Digital advertising
• Social media
• Public relations
• Brand management

Advertising Agencies in India: The Indian advertising industry developed along with newspapers, radio, television and later digital media. Some well-known Indian advertising agencies include:

• Ogilvy
• Mudra
• FCB
• JWT
• McCann
• Lowe Lintas

Digital Transformation: Today advertising agencies also work with:

• Social media
• Influencers
• Search advertising
• Websites
• YouTube
• Mobile applications
• Data analytics
• Artificial Intelligence

Advertising agencies have evolved from simple media-space brokers to complete communication and brand-building organisations.

HISTORY OF PRINT ADVERTISING

Print advertising refers to advertisements published in printed media such as newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures and pamphlets. It is one of the oldest forms of modern advertising.

Early Development: In the early days, advertising was mainly done through signboards, notices, posters and handbills. With the development of the printing press, advertisements could reach a larger number of people.

Newspapers became an important medium for advertising because they could reach a large audience regularly.

Print Advertising in India: The history of newspaper advertising in India is closely connected with the growth of newspapers during British rule.

One of the earliest newspapers in India was Hicky's Bengal Gazette, started by James Augustus Hicky in 1780. As newspapers developed, advertisements became an important part of their content and revenue. Advertisements were initially simple and mainly provided information about:

• Jobs
• Property
• Books
• Products
• Services
• Auctions

Gradually, advertisements became more attractive and persuasive.

Growth of Print Advertising: With the growth of industries and consumer markets, print advertising expanded. Advertisers began using:

• Attractive headlines
• Illustrations
• Photographs
• Logos
• Slogans
• Colour
• Creative designs

Magazines became especially important for advertising products related to fashion, automobiles, lifestyle and consumer goods.

Advantages of Print Advertising

• Can reach a large audience
• Can provide detailed information
• Can be saved and read later
• Useful for local and regional advertising
• Suitable for targeted audiences

Print advertising developed from simple notices and classified advertisements into creative and highly designed advertisements. Although digital advertising has grown rapidly, newspapers and magazines continue to play an important role in advertising.

EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR

Public Relations has developed differently in the public sector and private sector, although both use communication to build relationships with their audiences.

A. PR in the Public Sector

The public sector includes government departments, public institutions and government organisations.

Early Role: The early role of government PR was mainly to provide information to citizens about government policies and programmes.

Major Objectives

Government PR focuses on:

• Informing citizens
• Explaining government policies
• Promoting welfare schemes
• Creating public awareness
• Managing crises
• Communicating during emergencies
• Building trust in public institutions

Examples

Government communication is used for campaigns related to:

• Health
• Education
• Voting
• Road safety
• Cleanliness
• Vaccination
• Disaster management

Important Indian Organisations

The Press Information Bureau (PIB) provides information about government policies, programmes and activities.

Other government communication organisations and departments also use:

• Press conferences
• Press releases
• Advertisements
• Websites
• Social media
• Public awareness campaigns

B. PR in the Private Sector

The private sector includes companies, corporations, businesses and private organisations.

Initially, private-sector PR focused mainly on publicity and media coverage.

Today, corporate PR is much broader.

Major Objectives

Private-sector PR focuses on:

• Building corporate reputation
• Maintaining relationships with customers
• Managing media relations
• Promoting products and services
• Handling crises
• Communicating with employees
• Managing social media
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Building investor confidence

Example: If a company launches a new product, its PR team may organise:

Press conference → Media coverage → Social media campaign → Influencer interaction → Customer feedback

Modern Development of PR

Today, both public and private organisations use digital PR. They communicate through:

• Social media
• Websites
• YouTube
• Blogs
• Online press conferences
• Podcasts
• Influencers
• Email communication

PR has therefore evolved from traditional press publicity to strategic and digital communication.

 

The history of PR shows a gradual movement from simple publicity to professional and strategic communication. Today, PR is an essential part of both the public and private sectors, helping organisations build trust, reputation and long-term relationships with their publics. 

IVY LEE'S ROLE IN ESTABLISHING PUBLIC RELATIONS

Ivy Ledbetter Lee, commonly known as Ivy Lee, was an American journalist and PR practitioner. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of modern public relations.

He believed that organisations should communicate with the public through honest and accurate information.

Contributions of Ivy Lee

1. Press Release: Ivy Lee is associated with the development and popularisation of the press release as a tool for communicating information to journalists.

2. Open Communication: He encouraged organisations to provide information to the media rather than avoiding journalists.

3. Importance of Truth: Lee promoted the idea that organisations should provide accurate information to the public. His approach moved PR away from simply creating publicity towards providing useful information.

4. Work with Rockefeller: One of his most famous assignments involved John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Rockefeller family's public image. Following criticism related to the Colorado coal-mining strike of 1913–14, Lee advised the organisation to communicate more openly with journalists and provide information about the situation.

5. Publicity and Public Understanding: Lee believed that organisations should explain their policies and activities to the public.

6. Professional PR: His work helped establish PR as a professional function within large organisations.

Ivy Lee's Basic Principle His approach can be understood simply as:  the truth + Provide information + Communicate openly

Ivy Lee played an important role in establishing modern media relations and corporate PR. His emphasis on truth, openness and communication with journalists influenced the development of professional PR.